Ka 1986, karolo ea bone ea Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant e Ukraine (eo pele e neng e le Soviet Union) e ile ea ba le ho phatloha ho hoholo ha mollo le mouoane. Kotsi e e-so ka e bonoa e lokolotse ho feta 5% ea radioactive reactor core e nang le likarolo tse fetang 100 tsa radioactive (haholo-holo iodine-131, caesium-137, le strontium-90) tikolohong. Maemo a mahlaseli a kotsi a ne a phahame haholo hore mefuta ea bophelo e haufi le moo e phele. Lifate tsa phaene sebakeng sa 10 sq km tse potolohileng sebaka sa kotsi li ile tsa bolaoa ka mor'a libeke ka lebaka la ho pepesehela mahlaseli a kotsi. Leha ho le joalo, hlobo e itseng le li-fungus tse ntšo ha lia ka tsa pholoha feela mahlaseli a kotsi a phahameng empa li ile tsa fumanoa li atleha sebakeng sa kotsi. Lithuto tse ileng tsa latela li ile tsa arola mefuta e ka bang 2000 ea mefuta e 200 ea li-fungus sebakeng seo. Ho ile ha fumaneha hore fungal hyphae e ile ea hola ho ea mohloling oa mahlaseli a beta a ionizing le gamma ka tsela eo limela tse tala li holang ka eona ho ea fihla khanyeng ea letsatsi. Ho khahlisang le ho feta, ho pepesetsoa mahlaseli a ionizing ho bonahala ho nolofalelitse lisele tsa fungal tse melanized khōlo e matlafalitsoeng e bonts'ang matla a ho ts'oaroa ke melanin pigment ka boteng ba mahlaseli a matla a matla (a ts'oanang le ho ts'oaroa ha matla ke chlorophyll khanyeng ea letsatsi ho photosynthesis). Ka 2022, teko e entsoeng ka har'a International Space Station (ISS) e bontšitse hore li-fungus tsena li bonts'a bokhoni ba ho hanyetsa seea-le-moea le radio-synthesis sebakeng. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore li-fungus tse phelang le tse atlehang maemong a feteletseng a mahlaseli a kotsi joalo ka sebaka sa kotsi sa Chernobyl se ka sebelisoa ho sireletsa sebaka se tebileng sa bolulo sa batho ho tloha mahlaseli a bokahohle le ho nka matla (ho tloha mahlaseli a bokahohle) ho matlafatsa boipuso ba mesebetsi e tebileng ea sebaka se kang Artemis ho ea sebakeng sa bolulo sa batho nakong e tlang ea Khoeli le Mars.
Lisebelisoa tsa nyutlelie lefatšeng ka bophara hangata li sebelisa uranium e ntlafalitsoeng e nang le hoo e ka bang 3-5% ea Uranium-235 e le lisebelisoa tse senyehileng (li-reactors tse ling tse tsoetseng pele li ka sebelisa Plutonium-239 kapa Thorium-233). Lihlahisoa tse ka sehloohong tsa fission e laoloang ea Uranium-235 li-reactors ke li-nuclei tse khanyang tsa Krypton le Barium, li-neutron tse sa lefelloeng le matla a mangata. Ho bola ho eketsehileng ha mahlaseli a mahlaseli a likhechana tse sa tsitsang tse bobebe (Krypton le Barium nuclei) ho lokolla likaroloana tsa beta, mahlaseli a gamma le lihlahisoa tse ling tse tsitsitseng.
Kotsi ea Chernobyl (1986)
Ka 1986, ho phatloha ha mollo le mouoane setsing sa bone sa Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Ukraine (eo ka nako eo e neng e le Soviet Union) ho ile ha fella ka hore ho lokolloe karolo e fetang 5% ea setsi sa radioactive reactor tikolohong. Kotsi e e-so ka e e-ba teng e lokolotse likarolo tse fetang 100 tsa radioactive tikolohong, tse ka sehloohong e ne e le iodine-131, caesium-137, le strontium-90. Tse peli tsa ho qetela (e leng caesium-137 le strontium-90) li ntse li le teng ka bongata tikolohong ea lehae kaha li na le nako e telele ea ho phela lilemo tse ka bang 30. Li-isotopi tsena tse peli ke tsona tse ikarabellang bakeng sa "Exclusion Zone" e leng sebaka se silafetseng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng.
Libaka tse ling tsa Exclusion Zone haufi le sebaka sena li na le mahlaseli a holimo haholo. Mohaho o senyehileng oa li-reactor o na le mahlaseli a fetang 20,000 roentgens ka hora (bakeng sa papiso, hoo e ka bang 500 roentgens ka lihora tse hlano ke tekanyo e bolaeang ea mahlaseli, e leng ka tlase ho 1% ea mahlaseli a haufi le sebaka se senyehileng sa reactor).
Boemo ba mahlaseli sebakeng sa 10 sq km se pota-potileng Semela sa Chernobyl ka hare ho Sebaka sa Exclusion Zone (se bitsoang Red Forest) se ne se phahame hoo lifate tse likete tsa phaene li ileng tsa shoa ka mor'a libeke tse seng kae ka mor'a hore li pepesehetse hoo e ka bang. 60-100 Grays (Gy) ea mahlaseli. Mahlaseli ana a mahlaseli a kotsi a ne a bolaea lifate tsa phaene sebakeng se ileng sa fetoha bofubelu bo bofubelu eaba se shoa. Le kajeno, mahlaseli a gamma a fihla sehlohlolong hoo e ka bang 17 millirem/hora (hoo e ka bang 170 µSv/h) libakeng tse ling tsa Morung o Lefubelu. Mahlaseli a Gamma ke mahlaseli a matla haholo. Li kenella ka botebo 'me li kokota lielektrone ho tloha liathomong le limolek'hule ebe li etsa li-ion le li-radicals tsa mahala tse bakang tšenyo e ke keng ea lokisoa liseleng le liseleng ho kenyelletsa le li-biomolecule tsa bohlokoa joalo ka DNA le li-enzyme. Ho pepesetsoa litekanyetso tse phahameng haholo tsa mahlaseli a gamma ho fella ka lefu la lintho tse phelang joalo ka se etsahetseng lifateng tsa phaene ho potoloha sebaka sa kotsi sa Chernobyl. Empa eseng kamehla!
Li-fungus tse ling ha lia ka tsa phela feela empa li ile tsa atleha sebakeng sa kotsi sa mahlaseli a phahameng a Chernobyl
Le hoja lifate tsa phaene sebakeng sa 10 sq km tse potolohileng sebaka sa kotsi li ile tsa bolaoa ka mor'a libeke ka lebaka la ho pepesehela mahlaseli a mangata haholo, li-fungus tse ling tse ntšo, haholo-holo. Cladosporium sphaerospermum 'me Alternaria alternata li ile tsa bonoa li ntse li hola tikolohong ea yuniti ea 4 e senyehileng lilemo tse 'maloa ka mor'a kotsi le hoja boemo ba mahlaseli bo ne bo le / bo ntse bo bolaea. Sena e ne e le ntho e makatsang. Ka 2004, liphuputso tse fapaneng li ile tsa arola mefuta e ka bang 2000 ea mefuta e 200 ea li-fungus sebakeng sa kotsi.
Hoa thahasellisa hore ho ile ha fumaneha hore fungal hyphae e ile ea hola ho ea mohloling oa mahlaseli a ionizing (feela ka tsela eo limela li holang ka eona khanyeng ea letsatsi e bonts'ang phototropism). Ha ba lekanya karabelo ea fungal ho mahlaseli a ionizing, bafuputsi ba bonts'itse hore mahlaseli a beta le a gamma a khothaletsa kholo ea hyphae ho ea mohloling.
| Lintho tse ka sehloohong tsa li-fungus tsa Chernobyl |
| Ho hanyetsa seea-le-moea - bokhoni ba li-fungus tse itseng ho phela maemong a phahameng a mahlaseli |
| Radiotropism - tšekamelo ea ho hola kapa ho fallela mohloling oa mahlaseli a ionizing. - e tšoana le phototropism moo limela li hōlang ka lebaka la khanya |
| Radiosynthesis - Li-fungus tsa Chernobyl tse melanised li fetola mahlaseli a matla a ionizing hore e be matla a lik'hemik'hale a sebelisa melanin pigment. - e tšoana le photosynthesis |
| Radiotrophy - mokhoa oa ho sebelisa mahlaseli a ionizing e le mohloli oa matla |
Hobane mefuta ea likokoana-hloko tse melanized li atile haholo tlhahong, ho ne ho nahanoa hore melanin pigment e na le seabo bokhoning bona bo tsotehang ba li-fungus tse ling tsa ho phela le ho atleha mobung o silafalitsoeng ke likhechana tse fissile (radionuclides). Teko e hatisitsoeng ka 2007 e ile ea fumana hore ho hlile ho joalo. Ho pepesetsoa ha melanin ho mahlaseli a ionizing ke senotlolo. Mahlaseli a ionizing a fetotse thepa ea elektroniki ea melanin pigments e nolofalletsang lisele tsa fungal tse melang ho hola ka mor'a ho pepesetsoa mahlaseli a ionizing. Sena se bontšitse hore melanin e na le karolo ho nkeng matla (radiosynthesis), e ts'oanang le eo chlorophyll e nang le eona ho photosynthesis. Sena se boetse se bolela monyetla oa ho sebelisa li-fungus tsena ho hloekisa tšilafalo ea radionuclides.
Botebo ba sebaka Mesebetsi ea batho le libaka tsa bolulo
Ha nako e ntse e ea, tsoelo-pele eohle ea lipolanete e na le litšokelo tse teng ka lebaka la tšusumetso e tsoang sepakapakeng kahoo ho hlokahala hore batho ba fetohe mefuta e mengata ea lipolanete. Sepakapaka se tebileng mesebetsi ea batho e nahanoa ka ho theha bolulo ba batho ka nģ'ane ho lefatše. Artemis Moon Mission ke qalo ntlheng ena e ikemiselitseng ho theha boteng ba batho ba nako e telele ho potoloha le Khoeli e le ho itokisetsa mesebetsi le bolulo ba batho Mars.
E 'ngoe ea liqholotso tse kholo ka ho fetisisa pele ho mesebetsi e tebileng ea batho e hlahisoa ke ho phalla ho sa khaotseng ha mahlaseli a matla a bokahohle a atileng hohle sebakeng. Matla a khoheli a lefatše a re sireletsa mahlaseling a bokahohleng lefatšeng, empa ke kotsi e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea bophelo bo botle bakeng sa mesebetsi ea batho sebakeng. Ka hona, mesebetsi ea sebaka se tebileng e hloka lithebe tse sireletsang mahlaseling a leholimo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mahlaseli a bokahohle e ka boela ea e-ba mohloli o sa lekanyetsoang oa matla le ho matlafatsa boikemelo ba matla ba mesebetsi e telele ea sebaka se tebileng haeba ho ne ho e-na le theknoloji e loketseng ho e sebelisa.
Li-fungus tse atlehang sebakeng sa Chernobyl se nang le mahlaseli a phahameng a mahlaseli a kotsi li ka fana ka tharollo ea mathata a hlahisoang ke mahlaseli a leholimo ho ea libakeng tse tebileng tsa batho le libaka tsa bolulo.
Joalokaha ho boletsoe ka holimo, li-fungus tse ling tse nang le melanised li fumanoa li hola sebakeng sa tšilafalo ea mahlaseli a phahameng a Setsi sa Matla a Nyutlelie sa Chernobyl se senyehileng le libaka tse ling tse nang le mahlaseli a mangata a holimo Lefatšeng. Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, li-pigments tsa melanin tse ho li-fungus tsena li sebelisa mahlaseli a matla a matla ho hlahisa matla a lik’hemik’hale (feela ka tsela eo chlorophyl e limela tse tala e sebelisang mahlaseli a letsatsi ka eona ho photosynthesis). Ka hona, li-fungus tsa Chernobyl li ka 'na tsa e-ba le monyetla oa ho sebetsa e le tšireletso khahlanong le mahlaseli a matla a cosmic (ho hanyetsa radio) hammoho le mohlahisi oa matla (radiosynthesis) mesebetsing e tebileng ea sebaka haeba bokhoni ba bona bo fetela ho mahlaseli a bokahohle a sepakapaka. Bafuputsi ba ile ba leka sena sebakeng.
Fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum e ile ea lengoa ka har'a International Space Station (ISS) ho ithuta kholo le bokhoni ba eona ba ho monya le ho fokotsa mahlaseli a cosmic a ionizing ka matsatsi a 26 maemong a etsisang sebaka sa bolulo holim'a Mars. Sephetho se bontšitse ho fokotseha ha mahlaseli a leholimo ka lebaka la biomass ea fungal le monyetla oa ho hola sebakeng se fanang ka maikutlo a hore bokhoni bo bonts'itsoeng ke li-fungus tse itseng sebakeng sa kotsi sa Chernobyl bo atoloha ho fihlela mahlaseli a bokahohle a sepakapaka.
Sena se sa le qalong haholo hore re ka se bua empa nakong e tlang ho ka khoneha ho tsamaisa li-fungus tsena ho ea Monn le Mars moo ka thuso ea lisebelisoa tse loketseng li-fungus tsena li tla sebetsa e le lihlahisoa tsa matla a lik'hemik'hale.
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References:
- Zhdanova NN, et al a 2004. Mahlaseli a ionizing a hohela li-fungus tsa mobu. Mycol Res. 108: 1089–1096. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756204000966
- Dadachova E., et al a 2007. Ionizing Radiation e Fetola Thepa ea Elektronike ea Melanin 'me e Ntlafatsa Khōlo ea Melanized Fungi. PLOS One. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000457
- Dighton J., Tugay T., le Zhdanova N., 2008. Li-fungus le mahlaseli a ionizing a tsoang ho radionuclides. FEMS Microbiology Letters, Volume 281, Issue 2, April 2008, Maqephe 109–120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01076.x
- Ekaterina D. & Casadevall A., 2008. Mahlaseli a ionizing: kamoo li-fungus li sebetsanang ka katleho kateng, ho ikamahanya le maemo le ho sebelisa hampe ka thuso ea melanin. Maikutlo a Hona Joale ho Microbiology. Buka ea 11, Khatiso ea 6, December 2008, leqepheng la 525-531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2008.09.013
- Averesch NJH et al a 2022. Temo ea Dematiaceous Fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum Ka har'a Seteishene sa Sepakapaka sa Machaba le Liphello tsa Mahlaseli a Ionizing. Pele. Microbiol., 05 Phupu 2022. Sec. Extreme Microbiology Volume 13 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.877625
- Sihver L., 2022. Chernobyl Fungi e le Moetsi oa Matla. E fumaneha ho https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022cosp…44.2639S/abstract
- Tibolla MH, le Fischer J., 2025. Li-fungus tsa radiotrophic le tšebeliso ea tsona e le li-bioremediation agents tsa libaka tse anngoeng ke mahlaseli a kotsi le tse sireletsang. Lipatlisiso, Sechaba le Tsoelo-pele. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v14i1.47965
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Lihlooho tse amanang
- Liphello tse ngata historing ea Bophelo: Bohlokoa ba NASA ea Artemis Moon le Planetary Defense DART Missions. (23 August 2022)
- Artemis Moon Mission: Ho ea sebakeng se tebileng sa bolulo ba batho (11 August 2022)
- ….Pale Blue Dot, Ke lona feela Lehae leo re kileng ra le Tseba (13 Pherekhong 2022)
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 suffered massive fire and steam explosion. The unprecedented accident released over 5% of the radioactive reactor core comprising of over 100 radioactive elements (mainly iodine-131, caesium-137, and strontium-90) in the environment. The radiation level was extremely high for the life forms in the vicinity to survive. The pine trees in 10 sq km area surrounding the accident site were killed within weeks due to exposure to lethal doses of radiation. However, certain molds and black fungi not only survived the dangerously high radiation level but were found to be thriving at the accident site. Subsequent studies isolated about 2000 strains of 200 species of fungi from the site. It was found that the fungal hyphae grew towards the source of ionizing beta and gamma radiation just the way green plants grow towards sunlight. More interestingly, exposure to ionising radiation seemed to have enabled the melanized fungal cells an enhanced growth indicating energy capture by melanin pigment in the presence of high energy radiation (similar to energy capture by chlorophyll in sunlight in photosynthesis). In 2022, an experiment aboard International Space Station (ISS) demonstrated that these fungi displayed the capabilities of radio-resistance and radio-synthesis in space as well. This suggests that the melanised fungi that survive and thrive in extreme radiation conditions like Chernobyl accident site can be used to shield deep-space human habitation from cosmic rays and to capture energy (from the cosmic rays) to enhance the energy-autonomy of the deep-space missions like Artemis towards future human habitation on the Moon and Mars.){kind=link}