NISAR (acronym for NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar kapa NASA-ISRO SAR), thomo e kopanetsoeng ea NASA le ISRO, e ile ea hlahisoa ka katleho sepakapakeng ka la 30 Phupu 2025. Sepheo sa NISAR ke ho ithuta ka ho senyeha ha naha le leqhoa, tikoloho ea mobu, le libaka tsa leoatle. E na le mefuta e ikhethang ea lihlopha tse peli tsa Synthetic Aperture Radar e sebelisang mokhoa o mocha oa SweepSAR ho fana ka litšoantšo tse phahameng le litšoantšo tse kholo, NISAR e tla etsa 'mapa oa Lefatše ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng ho kenyelletsa le lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa joalo ka tšitiso ea tikoloho, ho putlama ha leqhoa, likotsi tsa tlhaho, ho phahama ha bophahamo ba leoatle le mathata a metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše. E tla beha leihlo le ho etsa litekanyo tse nepahetseng ka tekanyo ea lisenthimithara tsa liphetoho sebakeng sa lefatše le leqhoa habeli ka mor'a matsatsi a 12. Lintlha tse bokelitsoeng ke thōmo li tla fumaneha ka bolokolohi le ka bolokolohi tumellanong le leano le bulehileng la ho fihlella ho thusa balaoli ba sechaba ho laola mehloli ea tlhaho le likoluoa tsa tlhaho. Lithuto tse sebelisang datha li tla ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea bokaholimo ba Lefatše le phello le lebelo la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.
Bo-ramahlale ba lefats'e ba ile ba ikitlaelletsa ho bona bokaholimo ba Lefatše ho tsoa holimo sepakapakeng ho lekola maru, boemo ba leholimo, lijalo, meru, linōka, lithaba, lithaba tse foqohang seretse se chesang, maoatle, libaka tsa likoluoa tsa tlhaho joalo ka litšisinyeho tsa lefatše, likhohola, maholiotsoana, tsunami le libaka tsa bohlokoa ba maano joalo-joalo bakeng sa ho itokisetsa le ho rera hantle litšebeletso tsa sechaba. Tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji e ile ea sebelisa libalune tsa leholimo tse chesang tse lateloang ke lifofane tse ikhethileng. Ka bobeli li ne li e-na le mefokolo haholo-holo mabapi le nako le sebaka sa tšireletso tse ileng tsa rarolloa ke li-satellite tsa ho fihla ha Earth observation ka bo-1960 kamora tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji ea sepakapaka. Lisathelaete tsena li bona liketsahalo tse fapaneng holim'a Lefatše ho tsoa sebakeng li sebelisa li-sensor tsa optical (tse bonahalang, tse haufi le infrared, infrared) kapa sensor ea microwave e kentsoeng ho tsona. Kaha li-microwave li feta marung, lisathelaete tse nang le lisensara tsa microwave li ka khona ho bona bokaholimo ba Lefatše ho sa tsotellehe hore na ke motšehare le bosiu kapa maemo a leholimo ke afe.
TIROS-1 e ne e le sathelaete ea khale ka ho fetisisa ea ho shebella lefatše. E tsebisitsoe ka 1960 ke NASA, e fetisitse litšoantšo tsa pele tsa lehae la maemo a leholimo a Lefatše. Sathelaete ea pele ea ho shebella lefatše e etselitsoeng ka ho khetheha ho ithuta le ho hlokomela libaka tsa lefatše e ne e le Landsat 1, e ileng ea qalisoa ke NASA ka 1971. Ho tloha ka nako eo, ho na le khōlo e tsitsitseng ea lisathelaete tse shebellang Lefatše sebakeng. Ka 2008, ho ne ho e-na le lisathelaete tse joalo tse ka bang 150 ho potoloha Lefatše. Palo e ile ea hola ho fihla ho 950 ka 2021. Hajoale, ho na le lisathelaete tse fetang 1100 tse sebetsang sebakeng. NISAR ke ea morao-rao letotong la lisathelaete tsa ho shebella Lefatše.
NISAR (e khutsufalitsoeng bakeng sa NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar kapa NASA-ISRO SAR), thomo e kopanetsoeng ea NASA le ISRO, e ile ea hlahisoa ka katleho sepakapakeng ka la 30 Phupu 2025.
| Sepheo sa Mosebetsi oa NISAR |
| Sepheo sa maikemisetso a NISAR ke ho ithuta ho senyeha ha lefatše le leqhoa, tikoloho ea mobu le libaka tsa maoatle. Lintlha tse bokelletsoeng li tla thusa ho beha leihlo liphetoho tsa biomass ea limela, mokhoa oa lijalo le mekhoabo. E tla boela e be le 'mapa oa leqhoa la Greenland's & Antarctica, matla a leqhoa la leoatleng le leqhoa la lithaba 'me e bonts'e phetoho ea holim'a naha e amanang le ho sisinyeha ha lefatše, ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang, ho putlama ha lefatše, le ho theoha le ho phahama ho amanang le liphetoho tse teng metsing a metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše, matamo a hydrocarbon, joalo-joalo. |
Hajoale, thomo e mokhahlelong oa 1 'me haufinyane e tla kena mohatong oa 2 ha antenna e tla sebelisoa. Komisi e felletseng e tlameha ho phetheloa matsatsing a 90 ho tloha ha ho qala ha thomo e tla kena mohatong oa ts'ebetso ea mahlale.
| Mekhahlelo ea NISAR Mission |
| Mokhahlelo oa 1 (Qalo): (Kamora ho phatlalatsoa Matsatsi a 0-9): E tsebisitsoe koloing ea GSLV-F16 ka on 30 July 2025 ho tloha Sriharikota lebōpong le ka boroa-bochabela ho hloahloa ea India. |
| Mokhahlelo oa 2: Phaliso (Kamora ho Phatlalatso Matsatsi a 10-18): Sefofa-sebakeng se na le seipone se seholo sa bophara ba 12 m ho sebetsa joalo ka lenakana la radar. E tla sebelisoa ka har'a orbit 9m hole le sathelaete ke sistimi e rarahaneng ea mekhahlelo e mengata e ka tsamaisoang. Ts'ebetso ea ho romelloa ha antenna e qala ka letsatsi la 10 ho tloha ha e qala (ka hona "Letsatsi la 10" le tsamaisana le "Deploy Day 1") ka licheke tsa ho romelloa esale pele 'me li phethela ka letsatsi la 8 la ho tsamaisoa ha satellite e etsa 'yaw manoeuvre' (rotation) ho itsamaisa ka nepo, ka mor'a moo radar e tla bonahatsa ka nepo. |
| Mokhahlelo oa 3: Ho laela Ho fihlela ka letsatsi la bo90 la ho qala ka mor'a ho kenngoa ha antenna, litsamaiso tsohle li tla hlahlojoa le ho lekanyetsoa ho itokisetsa ts'ebetso ea mahlale. |
| Mokhahlelo oa 4: Ts'ebetso ea mahlale Hang ha mohato oa ho laela o phethetsoe, mohato oa ts'ebetso ea mahlale o qala mme o tsoela pele ho fihlela bophelo ba borumuoa ba lilemo tse hlano. Li-SAR li nka lintlha tse mabapi le ho sisinyeha ha fatše, leqhoa, meru le tšebeliso ea mobu ho pholletsa le maqhubu a mabeli a L-band le a S-band 'me li etsa hore li fumanehe ho bafuputsi lefatšeng ka bophara. |
E emisitsoe ho Sun synchronous, polar orbit e bophahamong ba 747 km mme e na le lirada tse peli tse matla tsa microwave synthetic aperture (SAR), L-Band SAR le S-Band SAR, NISAR ke mosebetsi oa litšoantšo oa microwave, o nang le bokhoni ba ho bokella data ea polarimetric le interferometric.
| Bokhoni ba tekheniki ba Mosebetsi oa NISAR |
| NISAR e na le mofuta o ikhethileng oa li-dual-band Synthetic Aperture Radar e sebelisang mokhoa o mocha oa SweepSAR ho fana ka tharollo e phahameng le litšoantšo tse kholo. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) e hlahisa litšoantšo tse hlakileng ho tsoa ho sistimi e nang le tharollo e lekanyelitsoeng ea radar. |
NISAR e etselitsoe ho etsa 'mapa oa Lefatše ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng ho kenyelletsa lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa joalo ka ts'itiso ea tikoloho, ho putlama ha leqhoa, likotsi tsa tlhaho, ho phahama ha metsi a leoatle le litaba tsa metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše. E tla beha leihlo le ho etsa litekanyo tse nepahetseng ka tekanyo ea lisenthimithara tsa liphetoho sebakeng sa lefatše le leqhoa habeli ka mor'a matsatsi a 12.
Lintlha tse bokelletsoeng ke L-band le S-band SAR tsa thomo ea NISAR li tla fumaneha ka bolokolohi le pepenene ho sechaba, balaoli ba sechaba le bafuputsi ho latela leano la phihlello le bulehileng. E tla thusa balaoli ba sechaba ho laola mehloli ea tlhaho le likoluoa tsa tlhaho hamolemo. Lithuto tse sebelisang datha li tla ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea bokaholimo ba Lefatše le phello le lebelo la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.
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References:
- Lintlha tsa Lefatše. Kaha joale NISAR e Tsebisitsoe, Mona ke Seo U ka se Lebellang ho Lintlha. E ngotsoe 4 August 2025. E fumaneha ho https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/news/now-that-nisar-launched-heres-what-you-can-expect-from-the-data
- NASA. NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar). E fumaneha ho https://science.nasa.gov/mission/nisar/
- ISRO. NISAR - NASA ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar Mission. E fumaneha ho https://www.isro.gov.in/Mission_GSLVF16_NISAR_Home.html https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/GSLV_F16NISAR_Launch_Brochure.pdf
- Rosen PA et al., 2025. Mosebetsi oa NASA-ISRO SAR: Kakaretso. IEEE Geoscience le Makasine ea Remote Sensing. 16 Phupu 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MGRS.2025.3578258
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, a joint collaborative mission of NASA and ISRO, was successfully launched into space on 30 July 2025. NISAR mission’s aim is to study land and ice deformation, land ecosystems, and oceanic regions. Equipped with the unique dual-band Synthetic Aperture Radar that employs novel SweepSAR technique to provide high resolution and large swath imagery, NISAR will systematically map Earth including the key processes like ecosystem disturbances, ice-sheet collapse, natural hazards, sea level rise, and groundwater issues. It will monitor and make precise measurement at centimetre scale of changes in Earth's landmass and ice regions twice every 12 days. The data collected by the mission will be freely and openly available in line with open access policy to help public authorities better manage natural resources and natural disasters. Studies using the data will improve our understanding of Earth’s crust and the impact and pace of climate change.){kind=link}